Cold Urticaria Preventing Clearance For Scientific Diving New!

Abstract

Case Description

We present a case of a 39-year-old healthy female scientific diver who developed cold urticaria (CU) 8 months prior, when immediately postpartum. She had extensive diving experience but discontinued diving during pregnancy and sought to resume diving. Before our consultation, she had seen a dermatologist and allergist for evaluation for an underlying etiology and management.

Intervention

Initial management included diphenhydramine and cetirizine with topical triamcinolone based on dermatology recommendations. Her allergist later advised discontinuing diphenhydramine and remaining on cetirizine 10mg up to 4 times daily, given breastfeeding concerns. Epinephrine was prescribed in case of anaphylaxis.

Outcome

The workup revealed no underlying pathology, and she was not cleared for diving until her CU was resolved. Despite antihistamines, she continues to be symptomatic, including in pools heated to 90⁰F. Although drysuit certified, we could not clear her for scientific diving and advised against recreational diving given the risk of anaphylaxis. 

Discussion

CU is an uncommon but under-reported and under-recognized condition with potentially fatal consequences for swimmers and divers. Although symptom management focuses on antihistamines, corticosteroids and omalizumab (Xolair®) may prove helpful. Nonetheless, the risk of anaphylaxis remains, so CU should be a disqualifying condition for divers. Associated and causative conditions require specialist evaluation, with many patients reporting spontaneous resolution within several years. Hyperbaric physicians should be aware of CU as a disqualifying condition and an etiology of a post-diving rash that could be mistaken for skin manifestations of decompression sickness.

Keywords: cold urticaria; fitness to dive; rash; scientific diving